Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836)
synonym | Dendraspis bungarus Fitzinger, 1843 |
synonym | Dendraspis hannah borneensis Deraniyagala 1960 |
synonym | Dendraspis hannah brunnea Deraniyagala 1961 |
synonym | Dendraspis hannah bungarus Deraniyagala 1960 |
synonym | Dendraspis hannah Deraniyagala, 1960 |
synonym | Dendraspis hannah elaps Deraniyagala 1960 |
synonym | Dendraspis hannah hannah Deraniyagala 1960 |
synonym | Dendraspis hannah nordicus Deraniyagala 1961 |
synonym | Dendraspis hannah sinensis Deraniyagala 1960 |
synonym | Dendraspis hannah vittata Deraniyagala 1960 |
synonym | Hamadryas elaps Günther, 1858 |
synonym | Hamadryas hannah Cantor, 1836 |
synonym | Hamadryas ophiophagus Cantor, 1838 |
synonym | Naia bungarus Wall, 1908 |
synonym | Naja bungarus Schlegel, 1837 |
synonym | Naja ceylonicus Osorio E Castro & Vernon, 1989 |
synonym | Naja hannah Smith 1943 |
synonym | Naja hannah Taylor, 1922 |
synonym | Naja hannah Tweedie 1954 |
synonym | Naja ingens Van Hasselt, 1882 |
synonym | Naja naja bombaya Deraniyagala 1961 |
synonym | Naja naja ceylonicus Chatman & Di Mari 1974 |
synonym | Naja naja indusi Deraniyagala 1960 |
synonym | Naja naja karachiensis Deraniyagala 1961 |
synonym | Naja naja madrasiensis Deraniyagala 1945 |
synonym | Naja naja polyocellata Mehrtens 1987 |
synonym | Naja vittata Elliott, 1840 |
synonym | Ophiophagus elaps Anderson 1871 |
synonym | Ophiophagus elaps Günther, 1864 |
synonym | Ophiophagus hannah Bogert 1945 |
synonym | Ophiophagus hannah Cox et al. 1998 |
synonym | Ophiophagus hannah Livigni 2013 |
synonym | Ophiophagus hannah Manthey & Grossmann 1997 |
synonym | Ophiophagus hannah Sang et al. 2009 |
synonym | Ophiophagus hannah Wallach et al. 2014 |
synonym | Ophiophagus hannah Welch 1994 |
Assamese |
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English |
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Hindi |
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Oriya |
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Other |
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Reptile group
Attributions | Sandeep Das, P S Easa, Jafer Palot |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
King Cobra is a very famous snake found in many South-east Asian countries. Due to its large size and fascinating hood display it is well known to people interested in reptiles. This is the largest venomous snake of world, also the only snake which is known for building nest of dead leaves to incubate eggs. Due to very large and heavy body marked with light bands it can be easily identified. However even with a fascinating size and venom potency there are very few dead or bite records from King Cobra because it avoids encountering with humans and usually try to move away instead of being aggressive quickly.
Attributions | indiansnakes.org |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | indiansnakes.org |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
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Attributions | Curated from The Reptile Database |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | Jayaditya Purkayastha |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Reproductive mode (Reptiles)
The following information is based on Doila (2018).
In Uttarakhand, breeding seems to take place from June to September (Dolia, 2018). In Uttarakhand, Dolia (2018) reported many nests in human habitation, in disturbed habitats, degraded forests, and fruit orchards. The nests were at elevations between 900-2300 m asl. The highest recorded nest was at 2303 m asl, in the campus of Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), in Mukteshwar, Nainital. Another nest from Jeolikote, Nainital district was at 1481 m asl (Doila, 2018).
Nest
The nesting material recorded in Mukteshwar nest was leaves of Banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora), while at Jeolikote, it was primarily needles of Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii).
Nest guarding
Female guarded the nest for 2-3 weeks after the nests were discovered.
Eggs
32 eggs; 28 hatched; possible case of twin snakes from one egg.
Jeolikote, Nainital: observations from from June 2011 - 21 September, 2011 (hatching day).
22 eggs; 11 hatched; 7 rotten eggs potentially separated by mother snake from the main clutch and visible at the base of the nest (potential nest cleaning behaviour).
Attributions | Compiled by Harikrishnan S., based on references listed. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
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Attributions | Jayaditya Purkayastha |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Hatchling sizes in Western Himalayas
Dolia (2018) reported average sizes for hatchling from two nests in Nainital, Uttarakhand, in the Western Himalayas.
Clutch 1
Mean hatchling total length = 50.8±2.1 cm (mean±standard deviation), n = 27
Mean hatchling weight = 22.7±1.9 g, n = 26
Clutch 2
Mean hatchling total length = 52.7±3.3 cm, n = 11
Mean hatchling weight = 18.3±2.2 g, n = 11
Attributions | Compiled by Harikrishnan S., based on references listed. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
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Attributions | Jayaditya Purkayastha |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
New born- 43-50cm.
Average length- 300cm (10ft).
Maximum length- 5850cm (19.19ft).
Attributions | indiansnakes.org |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | Jayaditya Purkayastha |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | indiansnakes.org |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Whenever not raising hood it looks close to Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosa).
Attributions | indiansnakes.org |
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Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Predominantly ophiophagus (feeding on other snakes). Dolia (2018) reported King cobras in Western Himalayas feeding on common rat snakes (Ptyas mucosa) and Himalayan white-lipped pitviper (Trimeresurus septentrionalis).
Attributions | Compiled by Harikrishnan S., based on references listed. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
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Feeds on all other snakes as major prey. Also feeds on monitor lizards as occasional diet.
Attributions | indiansnakes.org |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Habitat
Attributions | Jayaditya Purkayastha |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | Sandeep Das, P S Easa, Jafer Palot |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Global Distribution
India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Southeast Asia
Local Distribution
Western Ghats, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Andaman Islands; Assam (Garbhanga Rani Landscape, Kaziranga NP, Manas NP, Garampani WLS)
Global Distribution
India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia, China, Nepal, Indonesia, Singapore, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines.
Indian Distribution
Maharashtra, Karnataka (Dandeli) [J.Kadapatti, pers. comm.]; Arunachal Pradesh (Miao - Changlang district, Itanagar – Papum Pare district) [A. Captain, pers. Comm.], Sikkim, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andaman Islands
Attributions | Jayaditya Purkayastha |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | Sandeep Das, P S Easa, Jafer Palot |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Found in low to moderate elevation up to 2005 meter. Widely distributed from India (the westernmost limit) to many South-east Asian countries. In India it has been recorded from Goa; Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu; east coastline of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha; Sundarban mangroves; Himalayan foothills from Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern parts of West Bengal to most of the north-east region and Andaman Islands. Type locality Sundarbans.
Also found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
Attributions | indiansnakes.org |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | Jayaditya Purkayastha |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | Jayaditya Purkayastha |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
IUCN Red List Category
Attributions | Jayaditya Purkayastha |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
IUCN: Vulnerable
Attributions | indiansnakes.org |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | Jayaditya Purkayastha |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
CITES Status
Wildlife Protection Act (1972): Schedule II.
Attributions | indiansnakes.org |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
- Uetz, P., Freed, P. & Hošek, J. (eds.), The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org, accessed 11/12/2018
- Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.
- Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.
- Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.
- Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.
- Rao C., Talukdar G., Choudhury B. C., Shankar P. G., Whitaker R., Goode M. (2013) Habitat use of King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)in a heterogeneous landscape matrix in the tropical forests of the Western Ghats, India. Hamadryad Vol. 36 (2), pp. 69 – 79
- Das I., Whitaker R. (1996) Bibliography of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus Hannah) Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, No. 108.
- Fleming R. L. Jr., Fleming R. L. Sr. (1974) Some snakes from Nepal, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 70 (3), 426 – 437.
- Leviton A. E., Wogan G. O.U., Koo M. S., Zug G. R., Lucas R. S., Vindum J. V. (2003) The dangerously venomous snakes of Myanmar illustrated checklist with keys. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 54 (24), 407–462
- Ganesh S. R., Asokan J. R. (2010) Catalogue of Indian herpetological specimens in the collection of the Government Museum Chennai, India. Hamadryad Vol. 35 (1), pp. 46 – 63
- Murthy K. L. N, Murthy K. V. R. (2010) Dead King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah found near Srikakulam in northern coastal Andhra Pradesh. Reptile Rap (10), pp. 27-28
- Sharma S. K., Pandey D. P., Shah K. B., Tillack F., Chappuis F., Thapa C. L., Alirol E., Kuch U. (2013) Venomous snakes of Nepal, A photographic guide. B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences Dharan, Nepal.
- Shankar P. G., Whitaker N. (2009) Ecdysis in the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah). Russian Journal of Herpetology Vol. 16 (1), pp. 1-5
- Murthy T. S. N. (2010) The reptile fauna of India. B. R. Publishing Corporation
- Murthy T. S. N. (1990) Illustrated Guide to the Snakes of the Western Ghats, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper No. 114
- Whitaker R., Captain A. (2004) Snakes of India, The Field Guide. Draco Books
- Agarwal I., Mistry V. K., Athreya R. (2010) A preliminary checklist of the reptiles of Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Russian Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 17 (2), pp. 81 – 93
- Boulenger G. A. (1896) Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 3, London: Taylor and Francis.
- Smith M. A. (1943) The fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma including the whole of The Indo-Chinese Sub-region, Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol 3 Serpentes. Taylor & Francis, London.
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- Sawai Y. (1998) Venomous Snakes and Snakebite treatment in Asia. Russian Journal of Herpetology Vol. 5 (2), pp. 103 – 112
- Das A., Saikia U., Murthy B. H. C. K., Dey S., Dutta S. K. (2009) A herpetofaunal inventory of Barail Wildlife Sanctuary and adjacent regions, Assam, north-eastern India. Hamadryad Vol. 34 (1), pp. 117 – 134
- Ganesh S. R., Chadramouli S. R., Sreekar R., Shankar P. G. (2013) Reptiles of the Central Western Ghats, India- a reappraisal and revised checklist, with emphasis on the Agumbe Plateau. Russian Journal of Herpetology. Vol. 20 (2), pp. 134- 142
- Sangha H. S., Naoroji R., Sharma M. (2011) Sighting of King Cobra Ophiophagus Hannah in Arunachal Pradesh, India: A new altitude record for northeastern India. Reptile Rap (11), pp. 17
- Bashir T., Poudyal K., Bhattacharya T., Sathyakumar S., Subba J. B. (2010) Sighting of King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah in Sikkim, India: A new altitude record for the northeast. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 2 (6): 990-991
- Günther A. (1864) The reptiles of British India. London: Published for the Ray Society by Robert Hardwicke
- Wallach V., Williams K. L., Boundy J. (2014) Snakes of the World: A catalogue of living and extinct species. Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
- Dutta S. K., Acharjyo L. N. (1995) Herpetofaunal resources and their conservation in Orissa, India. Zoos’ Print, Vol. 10 (7), pp. 5-8
- Murthy K. L. N., Murthy K. V. R. (2012) Sightings of King Cobra Ophiophagus Hannah in northern coastal Andhra Pradesh. Reptile Rap (14), pp. 29-32
- Laltanpuia T. C., Lalrinchhana C., Lalnunsanga, Lalrotluanga, Hmingthansanga R., Kumari A., Renthlei V., Lalrintluangi S., Lalremsanga H. T. (2008) Snakes (Reptilia: Serpentes) of Mizoram University Campus, Tanhril, Aizawl with notes on their identification keys. Science Vision 8(4) 112-127 : Snakes (Reptilia: Serpentes) of MiZOram University Campus
- Harikrishnan S., Vasudevan K., Choudhury B. C. (2010) A review of herpetofaunal descriptions and studies from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with an updated checklist. Recent Trends in Biodiversity of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, pp. 387-398
- Lawson R., Slowinski J. B., Crother B. I., Burbrink F. T. (2005) Phylogeny of the Colubroidea (Serpentes): New evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37, 581–601
- Whitaker R. (2005) Common Indian Snakes, A Field Guide. Macmillian Publishers
- Purkayastha J. (2013) An Amateur’s Guide to Reptiles of Assam. EBH Publishers(India)
- Kannan P., Venkatraman C. (1998) Reptile fauna of Siruvani Hills, Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Cobra, Vol. 33, pp. 6-9
- Castoe T. A., Smith E. N., Brown R. M., Parkinson C. L. (2007) Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake Hemibungarus calligaster (Wiegmann, 1834). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 151, 809–831
- Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India. Herpetology Notes, volume 11: 217-222
- Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
- Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
- Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
- Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
- Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
- Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
- Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
- Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India. Herpetology Notes, volume 11: 217-222
- Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India. Herpetology Notes, volume 11: 217-222
- Uetz, P., Freed, P. & Hošek, J. (eds.), The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org, accessed 11/12/2018
- Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.
- Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.
- Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.
- Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.
Wildlife art and illustration: drawing in ink - some experiments in Auroville, India
Wildlife art and illustration: modeling in ferrocement - some experiments in Auroville, India
CEPF Western Ghats Special Series: Status of reptiles in Meghamalai and its environs, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India
Sighting of King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah in Sikkim, India: a new altitude record for the northeast
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Animalia |
Phylum | Chordata |
Class | Reptilia |
Order | Squamata |
Family | Elapidae |
Genus | Ophiophagus |
Species | Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor 1836) |