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Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836)

Accepted
Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836)
Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836)
/Ophiophagus hannah/487.jpg
King Cobra from Northeast India
King Cobra from Andaman Islands.
/Ophiophagus hannah/347.jpg
🗒 Synonyms
synonymDendraspis bungarus Fitzinger, 1843
synonymDendraspis hannah borneensis Deraniyagala 1960
synonymDendraspis hannah brunnea Deraniyagala 1961
synonymDendraspis hannah bungarus Deraniyagala 1960
synonymDendraspis hannah Deraniyagala, 1960
synonymDendraspis hannah elaps Deraniyagala 1960
synonymDendraspis hannah hannah Deraniyagala 1960
synonymDendraspis hannah nordicus Deraniyagala 1961
synonymDendraspis hannah sinensis Deraniyagala 1960
synonymDendraspis hannah vittata Deraniyagala 1960
synonymHamadryas elaps Günther, 1858
synonymHamadryas hannah Cantor, 1836
synonymHamadryas ophiophagus Cantor, 1838
synonymNaia bungarus Wall, 1908
synonymNaja bungarus Schlegel, 1837
synonymNaja ceylonicus Osorio E Castro & Vernon, 1989
synonymNaja hannah Smith 1943
synonymNaja hannah Taylor, 1922
synonymNaja hannah Tweedie 1954
synonymNaja ingens Van Hasselt, 1882
synonymNaja naja bombaya Deraniyagala 1961
synonymNaja naja ceylonicus Chatman & Di Mari 1974
synonymNaja naja indusi Deraniyagala 1960
synonymNaja naja karachiensis Deraniyagala 1961
synonymNaja naja madrasiensis Deraniyagala 1945
synonymNaja naja polyocellata Mehrtens 1987
synonymNaja vittata Elliott, 1840
synonymOphiophagus elaps Anderson 1871
synonymOphiophagus elaps Günther, 1864
synonymOphiophagus hannah Bogert 1945
synonymOphiophagus hannah Cox et al. 1998
synonymOphiophagus hannah Livigni 2013
synonymOphiophagus hannah Manthey & Grossmann 1997
synonymOphiophagus hannah Sang et al. 2009
synonymOphiophagus hannah Wallach et al. 2014
synonymOphiophagus hannah Welch 1994
🗒 Common Names
Assamese
  • Roja feti
English
  • Hamadryad
  • King Cobra
  • King Cobra, Hamadryad
Hindi
  • Naag-Raaj (नागराज )
Oriya
  • Ahiraaj (अहिराज )
Other
  • King Cobra
📚 Overview
Overview
Summary

Reptile group

snakes
snakes
Brief
Scales in 17 to 19 :15:15 rows. Ventrals 240-254; subcaudals 84-104;anterior scales entire, others paired.
Sandeep Das, P S Easa, Jafer Palot
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Jafer Palot
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    King Cobra is a very famous snake found in many South-east Asian countries. Due to its large size and fascinating hood display it is well known to people interested in reptiles. This is the largest venomous snake of world, also the only snake which is known for building nest of dead leaves to incubate eggs. Due to very large and heavy body marked with light bands it can be easily identified. However even with a fascinating size and venom potency there are very few dead or bite records from King Cobra because it avoids encountering with humans and usually try to move away instead of being aggressive quickly.

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      Diagnostic Keys
      Head: 
      Scalation almost similar like Asian Najas. Presence of large occipital scales behind parietal scales is characteristic of this species which are not found in other "Cobras" of Naja genus.
      Dorsal: 
      Smooth scales in 17/19:15:15 rows.
      Ventral: 
      240-254.
      Sub Caudal: 
      84-104; anterior scales undivided, posterior scales divided.
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      1. Rao C., Talukdar G., Choudhury B. C., Shankar P. G., Whitaker R., Goode M. (2013) Habitat use of King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)in a heterogeneous landscape matrix in the tropical forests of the Western Ghats, India. Hamadryad Vol. 36 (2), pp. 69 – 79
      2. Das I., Whitaker R. (1996) Bibliography of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus Hannah) Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, No. 108.
      3. Fleming R. L. Jr., Fleming R. L. Sr. (1974) Some snakes from Nepal, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 70 (3), 426 – 437.
      4. Leviton A. E., Wogan G. O.U., Koo M. S., Zug G. R., Lucas R. S., Vindum J. V. (2003) The dangerously venomous snakes of Myanmar illustrated checklist with keys. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 54 (24), 407–462
      5. Ganesh S. R., Asokan J. R. (2010) Catalogue of Indian herpetological specimens in the collection of the Government Museum Chennai, India. Hamadryad Vol. 35 (1), pp. 46 – 63
      6. Murthy K. L. N, Murthy K. V. R. (2010) Dead King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah found near Srikakulam in northern coastal Andhra Pradesh. Reptile Rap (10), pp. 27-28
      7. Sharma S. K., Pandey D. P., Shah K. B., Tillack F., Chappuis F., Thapa C. L., Alirol E., Kuch U. (2013) Venomous snakes of Nepal, A photographic guide. B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences Dharan, Nepal.
      8. Shankar P. G., Whitaker N. (2009) Ecdysis in the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah). Russian Journal of Herpetology Vol. 16 (1), pp. 1-5
      9. Murthy T. S. N. (2010) The reptile fauna of India. B. R. Publishing Corporation
      10. Murthy T. S. N. (1990) Illustrated Guide to the Snakes of the Western Ghats, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper No. 114
      11. Whitaker R., Captain A. (2004) Snakes of India, The Field Guide. Draco Books
      12. Agarwal I., Mistry V. K., Athreya R. (2010) A preliminary checklist of the reptiles of Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Russian Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 17 (2), pp. 81 – 93
      13. Boulenger G. A. (1896) Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 3, London: Taylor and Francis.
      14. Smith M. A. (1943) The fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma including the whole of The Indo-Chinese Sub-region, Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol 3 Serpentes. Taylor & Francis, London.
      15. Das I., Dattagupta B., Gayen N. C. (1998) History and catalogue of reptile types in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. J. South Asian nat. Hist. Vol. 3 (2), pp. 121-172
      16. Sawai Y. (1998) Venomous Snakes and Snakebite treatment in Asia. Russian Journal of Herpetology Vol. 5 (2), pp. 103 – 112
      17. Das A., Saikia U., Murthy B. H. C. K., Dey S., Dutta S. K. (2009) A herpetofaunal inventory of Barail Wildlife Sanctuary and adjacent regions, Assam, north-eastern India. Hamadryad Vol. 34 (1), pp. 117 – 134
      18. Ganesh S. R., Chadramouli S. R., Sreekar R., Shankar P. G. (2013) Reptiles of the Central Western Ghats, India- a reappraisal and revised checklist, with emphasis on the Agumbe Plateau. Russian Journal of Herpetology. Vol. 20 (2), pp. 134- 142
      19. Sangha H. S., Naoroji R., Sharma M. (2011) Sighting of King Cobra Ophiophagus Hannah in Arunachal Pradesh, India: A new altitude record for northeastern India. Reptile Rap (11), pp. 17
      20. Bashir T., Poudyal K., Bhattacharya T., Sathyakumar S., Subba J. B. (2010) Sighting of King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah in Sikkim, India: A new altitude record for the northeast. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 2 (6): 990-991
      21. Günther A. (1864) The reptiles of British India. London: Published for the Ray Society by Robert Hardwicke
      22. Wallach V., Williams K. L., Boundy J. (2014) Snakes of the World: A catalogue of living and extinct species. Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
      23. Dutta S. K., Acharjyo L. N. (1995) Herpetofaunal resources and their conservation in Orissa, India. Zoos’ Print, Vol. 10 (7), pp. 5-8
      24. Murthy K. L. N., Murthy K. V. R. (2012) Sightings of King Cobra Ophiophagus Hannah in northern coastal Andhra Pradesh. Reptile Rap (14), pp. 29-32
      25. Laltanpuia T. C., Lalrinchhana C., Lalnunsanga, Lalrotluanga, Hmingthansanga R., Kumari A., Renthlei V., Lalrintluangi S., Lalremsanga H. T. (2008) Snakes (Reptilia: Serpentes) of Mizoram University Campus, Tanhril, Aizawl with notes on their identification keys. Science Vision 8(4) 112-127 : Snakes (Reptilia: Serpentes) of MiZOram University Campus
      26. Harikrishnan S., Vasudevan K., Choudhury B. C. (2010) A review of herpetofaunal descriptions and studies from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with an updated checklist. Recent Trends in Biodiversity of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, pp. 387-398
      27. Lawson R., Slowinski J. B., Crother B. I., Burbrink F. T. (2005) Phylogeny of the Colubroidea (Serpentes): New evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37, 581–601
      28. Whitaker R. (2005) Common Indian Snakes, A Field Guide. Macmillian Publishers
      29. Purkayastha J. (2013) An Amateur’s Guide to Reptiles of Assam. EBH Publishers(India)
      30. Kannan P., Venkatraman C. (1998) Reptile fauna of Siruvani Hills, Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Cobra, Vol. 33, pp. 6-9
      31. Castoe T. A., Smith E. N., Brown R. M., Parkinson C. L. (2007) Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake Hemibungarus calligaster (Wiegmann, 1834). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 151, 809–831
      No Data
      📚 Nomenclature and Classification
      References
      eng: Hamadryad, eng: King Cobra
      Cantor,T.E. 1836. Sketch of undescribed hooded serpent with fangs and maxillar teeth. Asiat. Res., Calcutta, 19: 87-94
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        No Data
        📚 Natural History
        Reproduction
        Western Himalayas 
        The following information  is based on Doila (2018).
        Habitat/Elevation
        In Uttarakhand, breeding seems to take place from June to September (Dolia, 2018). In Uttarakhand,  Dolia (2018) reported many nests in human habitation, in disturbed habitats, degraded forests, and fruit orchards. The nests were at elevations between 900-2300 m asl. The highest recorded nest was at 2303 m asl, in the campus of Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), in Mukteshwar, Nainital. Another nest from Jeolikote, Nainital district was at 1481 m asl (Doila, 2018).
        Nest
        The nesting material recorded in Mukteshwar nest was leaves of Banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora), while at Jeolikote, it was primarily needles of Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii).
        Nest guarding
        Female guarded the nest for 2-3 weeks after the nests were discovered.
        Eggs
        Mukteshwar, Nainital: observations from 28 June 2009 -7 October, 2009 (hatching day).
        32 eggs; 28 hatched; possible case of twin snakes from one egg.
        Jeolikote, Nainital: observations from from June 2011 - 21 September, 2011 (hatching day).
        22 eggs; 11 hatched; 7 rotten eggs potentially separated by mother snake from the main clutch and visible at the base of the nest (potential nest cleaning behaviour).
        Compiled by Harikrishnan S., based on references listed.
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        References
        1. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India. Herpetology Notes, volume 11: 217-222
        2. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
        3. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
        4. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
        5. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
        6. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
        7. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
        8. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
        Oviparous. Females build nests of dead leaves and stay with the eggs until they hatch.
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          Size

          Hatchling sizes in Western Himalayas
          Dolia (2018) reported average sizes for hatchling from two nests in Nainital, Uttarakhand, in the Western Himalayas.
          Clutch 1

          Mean hatchling total length = 50.8±2.1 cm (mean±standard deviation), n = 27
          Mean hatchling weight = 22.7±1.9 g, n = 26

          Clutch 2

          Mean hatchling total length = 52.7±3.3 cm, n = 11
          Mean hatchling weight = 18.3±2.2 g, n = 11

          Compiled by Harikrishnan S., based on references listed.
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          1. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India. Herpetology Notes, volume 11: 217-222
          3000 mm
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            New born- 43-50cm.
            Average length- 300cm (10ft).
            Maximum length- 5850cm (19.19ft).

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              Morphology
              Preocular: 1-2; Postocular: 3; 2 typical large occipital shields present; Supralabials: 7 (3rd and 4th touches eye); Infralabials: 8; Anterior temporals: 2; Posterior temporals: 3; Dorsal scale row formula: 17/19:15:15. Ventrals: 215-266; Subcaudals: 80-120 (divided). Dorsum brown, yellow, black or olive often with yellow or white chevron mark along the body axis which becomes indistinct posteriorly. Venter white or yellowish white with dark bands at throat
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                Dorsal -
                Body very long, slender and covered with large size smooth scales. Dorsal color variable according to geographical locations which includes gray, black, dark olive green, yellowish-brown with yellow or white bands throughout the body. Population of far North-east have almost patternless appearance of bluish-black. Population of Andaman Islands of rusty-brown color with or without bands. Bands of hood region are inverted V shaped and known for having characteristic to recognize each individual.
                Ventral -
                Belly color usually pale yellow or grayish with dark shades on edge of many ventrals. underside of hood have extensions of dorsal coloration which is characteristic to recognize different individuals. 
                Head -
                Head large with rounded snout, covered with large shields and slightly broader than neck. Color similar to dorsal scales and usually have no patterns on top; light forms often bear black edge. Large eyes have rounded pupil.
                Tail -
                Long tail ends with pointed tip. Bands found in dorsal body continues till the end of it. 
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                  Look Alikes

                  Whenever not raising hood it looks close to Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosa).

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                    Ecology
                    diurnal.This is the only snake species known to build a nest and guards it. they show parental care.
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                      Trophic Strategy

                      Predominantly ophiophagus (feeding on other snakes). Dolia (2018) reported King cobras in Western Himalayas feeding on common rat snakes (Ptyas mucosa) and Himalayan white-lipped pitviper (Trimeresurus septentrionalis).
                       

                      Compiled by Harikrishnan S., based on references listed.
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                      1. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India. Herpetology Notes, volume 11: 217-222

                      Feeds on all other snakes as major prey. Also feeds on monitor lizards as occasional diet. 

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                        No Data
                        📚 Habitat and Distribution
                        General Habitat

                        Habitat

                        Terrestrial
                        Terrestrial
                        Tropical and subtropical forests and alluvial and terai grasslands (60-2700m above msl)
                        Dr. Chandra Barooah & Lani Sarma (2016) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.
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                          This species is found in a variety of habitats, primarily in pristine forests, but it can also be found in degraded forest, mangrove swamps and even agricultural areas with remnants of woodland. It has also been found swimming in rivers in non-forested land and probably occurs in palm oil plantations (R. Inger pers. comm. 2010), however it is not yet clear whether oil palm plantations can support viable populations of this species (M. Auliya pers. comm. 2011). In India, this species has also been recorded from tea estates in the Western Ghats and Assam (Whitaker and Captain 2004). In Nepal this species is poorly-known, but has been reported primarily from undisturbed Sai forest and from dry high-altitude grasslands (D. Jelić pers. comm. 2012).
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                            Evergreen Forests
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                              Description
                              Global Distribution

                              India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Southeast Asia

                              Local Distribution

                              Western Ghats, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Andaman Islands; Assam (Garbhanga Rani Landscape, Kaziranga NP, Manas NP, Garampani WLS)

                              Dr. Chandra Barooah & Lani Sarma (2016) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.
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                                Global Distribution

                                India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia, China, Nepal, Indonesia, Singapore, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines.

                                Indian Distribution

                                Maharashtra, Karnataka (Dandeli) [J.Kadapatti, pers. comm.]; Arunachal Pradesh (Miao - Changlang district, Itanagar – Papum Pare district) [A. Captain, pers. Comm.], Sikkim, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andaman Islands

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                                  Western Ghats , North East India
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                                    Found in low to moderate elevation up to 2005 meter. Widely distributed from India (the westernmost limit) to many South-east Asian countries. In India it has been recorded from Goa; Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu; east coastline of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha; Sundarban mangroves; Himalayan foothills from Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern parts of West Bengal to most of the north-east region and Andaman Islands. Type locality Sundarbans. 
                                    Also found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.

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                                      No Data
                                      📚 Occurrence
                                      No Data
                                      📚 Demography and Conservation
                                      Population Biology
                                      The snake remains common in good habitat in Thailand, where it is a protected species, with no evidence of declines (T. Chan-ard pers. comm. 2011). However, this species is not frequently encountered anywhere else within its wide range
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                                        Trends
                                        Decreasing
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                                          Risk Statement
                                          Schedule II
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                                            Conservation Status
                                            IUCN Redlist Status: Vulnerable
                                            Dr. Chandra Barooah & Lani Sarma (2016) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.
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                                              Vulnerable
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                                                IUCN: Vulnerable

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                                                  Threats
                                                  This species is threatened by destruction of habitat due to logging and agricultural expansion.Deforestation is however likely to exert strong pressure at local scales, particularly where snakes are also hunted, and is likely to lead to declines in many of the snakes on which this species feeds.
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                                                    Protection Legal Status

                                                    Wildlife Protection Act (1972): Schedule II.

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                                                      No Data
                                                      📚 Uses and Management
                                                      📚 Information Listing
                                                      References
                                                      1. Uetz, P., Freed, P. & Hošek, J. (eds.), The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org, accessed 11/12/2018
                                                      1. Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.
                                                      2. Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.
                                                      3. Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.
                                                      4. Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.
                                                      Overview > Diagnostic > Diagnostic Keys
                                                      1. Rao C., Talukdar G., Choudhury B. C., Shankar P. G., Whitaker R., Goode M. (2013) Habitat use of King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)in a heterogeneous landscape matrix in the tropical forests of the Western Ghats, India. Hamadryad Vol. 36 (2), pp. 69 – 79
                                                      2. Das I., Whitaker R. (1996) Bibliography of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus Hannah) Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, No. 108.
                                                      3. Fleming R. L. Jr., Fleming R. L. Sr. (1974) Some snakes from Nepal, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 70 (3), 426 – 437.
                                                      4. Leviton A. E., Wogan G. O.U., Koo M. S., Zug G. R., Lucas R. S., Vindum J. V. (2003) The dangerously venomous snakes of Myanmar illustrated checklist with keys. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 54 (24), 407–462
                                                      5. Ganesh S. R., Asokan J. R. (2010) Catalogue of Indian herpetological specimens in the collection of the Government Museum Chennai, India. Hamadryad Vol. 35 (1), pp. 46 – 63
                                                      6. Murthy K. L. N, Murthy K. V. R. (2010) Dead King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah found near Srikakulam in northern coastal Andhra Pradesh. Reptile Rap (10), pp. 27-28
                                                      7. Sharma S. K., Pandey D. P., Shah K. B., Tillack F., Chappuis F., Thapa C. L., Alirol E., Kuch U. (2013) Venomous snakes of Nepal, A photographic guide. B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences Dharan, Nepal.
                                                      8. Shankar P. G., Whitaker N. (2009) Ecdysis in the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah). Russian Journal of Herpetology Vol. 16 (1), pp. 1-5
                                                      9. Murthy T. S. N. (2010) The reptile fauna of India. B. R. Publishing Corporation
                                                      10. Murthy T. S. N. (1990) Illustrated Guide to the Snakes of the Western Ghats, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper No. 114
                                                      11. Whitaker R., Captain A. (2004) Snakes of India, The Field Guide. Draco Books
                                                      12. Agarwal I., Mistry V. K., Athreya R. (2010) A preliminary checklist of the reptiles of Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Russian Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 17 (2), pp. 81 – 93
                                                      13. Boulenger G. A. (1896) Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 3, London: Taylor and Francis.
                                                      14. Smith M. A. (1943) The fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma including the whole of The Indo-Chinese Sub-region, Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol 3 Serpentes. Taylor & Francis, London.
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                                                      16. Sawai Y. (1998) Venomous Snakes and Snakebite treatment in Asia. Russian Journal of Herpetology Vol. 5 (2), pp. 103 – 112
                                                      17. Das A., Saikia U., Murthy B. H. C. K., Dey S., Dutta S. K. (2009) A herpetofaunal inventory of Barail Wildlife Sanctuary and adjacent regions, Assam, north-eastern India. Hamadryad Vol. 34 (1), pp. 117 – 134
                                                      18. Ganesh S. R., Chadramouli S. R., Sreekar R., Shankar P. G. (2013) Reptiles of the Central Western Ghats, India- a reappraisal and revised checklist, with emphasis on the Agumbe Plateau. Russian Journal of Herpetology. Vol. 20 (2), pp. 134- 142
                                                      19. Sangha H. S., Naoroji R., Sharma M. (2011) Sighting of King Cobra Ophiophagus Hannah in Arunachal Pradesh, India: A new altitude record for northeastern India. Reptile Rap (11), pp. 17
                                                      20. Bashir T., Poudyal K., Bhattacharya T., Sathyakumar S., Subba J. B. (2010) Sighting of King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah in Sikkim, India: A new altitude record for the northeast. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 2 (6): 990-991
                                                      21. Günther A. (1864) The reptiles of British India. London: Published for the Ray Society by Robert Hardwicke
                                                      22. Wallach V., Williams K. L., Boundy J. (2014) Snakes of the World: A catalogue of living and extinct species. Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
                                                      23. Dutta S. K., Acharjyo L. N. (1995) Herpetofaunal resources and their conservation in Orissa, India. Zoos’ Print, Vol. 10 (7), pp. 5-8
                                                      24. Murthy K. L. N., Murthy K. V. R. (2012) Sightings of King Cobra Ophiophagus Hannah in northern coastal Andhra Pradesh. Reptile Rap (14), pp. 29-32
                                                      25. Laltanpuia T. C., Lalrinchhana C., Lalnunsanga, Lalrotluanga, Hmingthansanga R., Kumari A., Renthlei V., Lalrintluangi S., Lalremsanga H. T. (2008) Snakes (Reptilia: Serpentes) of Mizoram University Campus, Tanhril, Aizawl with notes on their identification keys. Science Vision 8(4) 112-127 : Snakes (Reptilia: Serpentes) of MiZOram University Campus
                                                      26. Harikrishnan S., Vasudevan K., Choudhury B. C. (2010) A review of herpetofaunal descriptions and studies from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with an updated checklist. Recent Trends in Biodiversity of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, pp. 387-398
                                                      27. Lawson R., Slowinski J. B., Crother B. I., Burbrink F. T. (2005) Phylogeny of the Colubroidea (Serpentes): New evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37, 581–601
                                                      28. Whitaker R. (2005) Common Indian Snakes, A Field Guide. Macmillian Publishers
                                                      29. Purkayastha J. (2013) An Amateur’s Guide to Reptiles of Assam. EBH Publishers(India)
                                                      30. Kannan P., Venkatraman C. (1998) Reptile fauna of Siruvani Hills, Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Cobra, Vol. 33, pp. 6-9
                                                      31. Castoe T. A., Smith E. N., Brown R. M., Parkinson C. L. (2007) Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake Hemibungarus calligaster (Wiegmann, 1834). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 151, 809–831
                                                      Natural History > Reproduction
                                                      1. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India. Herpetology Notes, volume 11: 217-222
                                                      2. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
                                                      3. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
                                                      4. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
                                                      5. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
                                                      6. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
                                                      7. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
                                                      8. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
                                                      Natural History > Size
                                                      1. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India. Herpetology Notes, volume 11: 217-222
                                                      Natural History > Trophic Strategy
                                                      1. Dolia, J. (2018). Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India. Herpetology Notes, volume 11: 217-222
                                                      Information Listing > References
                                                      1. Uetz, P., Freed, P. & Hošek, J. (eds.), The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org, accessed 11/12/2018
                                                      2. Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.
                                                      3. Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.
                                                      4. Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.
                                                      5. Whitaker, R. and Captain, A .2004. Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books.Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu,xiv+479, pls, text-figs.

                                                      A checklist of reptiles of Kerala, India

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